Grammar Notes: Lesson 9
Likes, Skills, Understanding, and Reasons
This lesson builds on the adjective patterns from Lesson 8. You will use が with words such as 好き, 上手, and わかります, describe how well you understand something, say what you have, and give a simple reason with から.
Before You Start: は and が in This Lesson
Description
In these patterns, は marks the person or topic, while が marks the thing that the person likes, understands, does well, or has. English often treats that thing as an object, but beginner Japanese uses が with the expressions in this lesson.
Examples
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Usage Notes
- Do not replace が with を in the target patterns of this lesson.
- The topic is often omitted when it is already clear: 音楽が好きです。
[Person] は [Noun] が好きです / 嫌いです
Description
Use 好きです to say that someone likes something and 嫌いです to say that someone dislikes something. Both 好き and 嫌い behave as な-adjectives. Use 何が好きですか to ask what someone likes, or put どんな before a category such as 音楽 or スポーツ.
Examples
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Usage Notes
- Before a noun, use 好きな or 嫌いな: 好きな音楽, 嫌いな食べ物.
- 嫌い can sound strong. あまり好きじゃありません is a softer way to say that you do not like something very much.
[Person] は [Noun] が上手です / 下手です
Description
Use 上手です to say that someone is good at an activity and 下手です to say that someone is not good at it. 上手 and 下手 are な-adjectives, so their present negative forms are 上手じゃありません and 下手じゃありません.
Examples
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Usage Notes
- Saying わたしは~が上手です can sound boastful. It is more natural to use 上手 for another person or to describe yourself modestly with あまり上手じゃありません.
- Calling another person 下手 can sound too direct. Use it carefully.
[Person] は [Noun] がわかります / あります
Description
Use わかります to say that someone understands something. Use あります here to say that someone has a thing, time, an errand, or an appointment. Both patterns mark the understood or possessed item with が.
Examples
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Usage Notes
- わかります means “understand,” not “know a person.”
- This lesson uses あります only for having something. Location patterns such as “There is a book on the desk” will be taught separately.
よく / だいたい / 少し / あまり / 全然 / たくさん
Description
Put よく, だいたい, or 少し before わかります to describe the degree of understanding. Use あまり or 全然 with a negative ending. Use たくさん or 少し before あります to describe an amount.
Examples
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Usage Notes
- At this level, use あまり and 全然 with a negative form.
- 少し can describe either understanding or amount: 少しわかります and 時間が少しあります.
[Reason] から、[Result]
Description
Put から after a polite sentence to give a reason. The reason normally comes first, followed by the action or result. The part before から keeps its normal polite ending.
Examples
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Usage Notes
- Do not remove です or ます before から in these beginner patterns.
- This lesson teaches only the simple reason connector から. Other reason forms will come later.
どうして [Sentence] か
Description
Use どうして to ask why. Answer with a reason followed by から. When the result is already clear from the question, the answer can end with から.
Examples
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Usage Notes
- どうして asks for a reason. It does not ask what something is like; Lesson 8 used どうですか for that purpose.
- Keep か at the end of the question.
Practical Conversation: Why Study Japanese?
This original conversation combines understanding, degree, reasons, preferences, and modest descriptions of skill.
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